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Munich (/ˈmjuːnɪk, -nɪx/ MEW-nik(h); German: München [ˈmʏnçn̩] ⓘ; Bavarian: Minga [ˈmɪŋ(ː)ɐ] ⓘ) is the capital and most populous city of the Free State of Bavaria. With a population of 1,589,706 inhabitants as of 29 February 2024,[3] it is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state, as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union. The city's metropolitan region is home to about 6.2 million people and the third biggest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union.[4]
Straddling the banks of the river Isar north of the Alps, Munich is the seat of the Bavarian administrative region of Upper Bavaria, while being the most densely populated municipality in Germany with 4,500 people per km2. Munich is the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area, after the Austrian capital of Vienna.
The city was first mentioned in 1158. Catholic Munich strongly resisted the Reformation and was a political point of divergence during the resulting Thirty Years' War, but remained physically untouched despite an occupation by the Protestant Swedes.[5] Once Bavaria was established as the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1806, Munich became a major European centre of arts, architecture, culture and science. In 1918, during the German Revolution of 1918–19, the ruling House of Wittelsbach, which had governed Bavaria since 1180, was forced to abdicate in Munich and a short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic was declared. In the 1920s, Munich became home to several political factions, among them the Nazi Party. After the Nazis' rise to power, Munich was declared their "Capital of the Movement". The city was heavily bombed during World War II, but has restored most of its old town and boasts nearly 30.000 buildings from before the war all over the city.[6] After the end of postwar American occupation in 1949, there was a great increase in population and economic power during the years of Wirtschaftswunder. The city hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics.
Today, Munich is a global centre of science, technology, finance, innovation, business, and tourism. Munich enjoys a very high standard and quality of living, reaching first in Germany and third worldwide according to the 2018 Mercer survey,[7] and being rated the world's most liveable city by the Monocle's Quality of Life Survey 2018.[8] Munich is consistently ranked as one of the most expensive cities in Germany in terms of real estate prices and rental costs.[9][10]
In 2021, 28.8 percent of Munich's residents were foreigners, and another 17.7 percent were German citizens with a migration background from a foreign country.[11] Munich's economy is based on high tech, automobiles, and the service sector, as well as IT, biotechnology, engineering, and electronics. It has one of the strongest economies of any German city and the lowest unemployment rate of all cities in Germany with more than one million inhabitants. The city houses many multinational companies, such as BMW, Siemens, Allianz SE and Munich Re. In addition, Munich is home to two research universities, and a multitude of scientific institutions.[12] Munich's numerous architectural and cultural attractions, sports events, exhibitions and its annual Oktoberfest, the world's largest Volksfest, attract considerable tourism.[13]
- ^ "Daten und Fakten aus der Metropolregion München" [Data and facts about the Munich Metropolitan Region]. Europäische Metropolregion München e.V. Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
- ^ Genesis Online-Datenbank des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Statistik Tabelle 12411-003r Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes: Gemeinden, Stichtag (Einwohnerzahlen auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011)
- ^ Stadtverwaltung, Landeshauptstadt München. "Bevölkerung". stadt.muenchen.de (in German). Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ "The Munich Metropolitan Region" (in German). Europäische Metropolregion München e.V. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
- ^ Englund, Peter (1993). Ofredsår. Stockholm: Atlantis.
- ^ https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4
- ^ "Quality of Living City Rankings". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ "Munich Named The Most Livable City In The World". Forbes. 25 June 2018. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ Wille, Robin (15 July 2021). "Immobilien: Das sind die 10 teuersten Städte in Deutschland". Business Insider (in German). Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ "Die 10 teuersten Städte Deutschlands 2020". www.haus.de (in German). Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ "Bevölkerung am 31.12.2021 nach Migrationshintergrund in den Stadtbezirken" [Population on 31.12.2021 by migration background in the city districts] (PDF). Statistisches Amt München. 21 January 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
- ^ Boytchev, Hristio (2018). "A European heavyweight". Nature. 563 (7729): S14–S15. Bibcode:2018Natur.563S..14B. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07208-0. PMID 30382228. S2CID 256769767.
- ^ "Munich Travel Tourism Munich". muenchen.de. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.