Clinical data | |
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Pronunciation | /ˈmɔːrfiːn/ |
Trade names | Statex, MS Contin, Oramorph, others[1] |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a682133 |
License data | |
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Dependence liability | High |
Addiction liability | High[3] |
Routes of administration | Inhalation (smoking), insufflation (snorting), by mouth, rectal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, epidural, intrathecal |
Drug class | Opioid |
ATC code | |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 20–40% (by mouth), 36–71% (rectally),[7] 100% (IV/IM) |
Protein binding | 30–40% |
Metabolism | Liver: UGT2B7 |
Metabolites | • Morphine-3-glucuronide (90%) • Morphine-6-glucuronide (10%) |
Onset of action | 5 minutes (IV), 15 minutes (IM),[8] 20 minutes (PO)[9] |
Elimination half-life | 2–3 hours |
Duration of action | 3–7 hours[10][11] |
Excretion | Kidney 90%, bile duct 10% |
Identifiers | |
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CAS Number |
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PDB ligand | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.291 |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C17H19NO3 |
Molar mass | 285.343 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
Solubility in water | HCl & sulf.: 60 |
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Morphine is a strong opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (Papaver somniferum). It is mainly used as an analgesic (pain medication). There are numerous methods used to administer morphine: oral; sublingual; via inhalation; injection into a muscle, injection under the skin, or injection into the spinal cord area; transdermal; or via rectal suppository.[10][12] It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to induce analgesia and alter perception and emotional response to pain. Physical and psychological dependence and tolerance may develop with repeated administration.[10] It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain and is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction, kidney stones, and during labor.[10] Its maximum effect is reached after about 20 minutes when administered intravenously and 60 minutes when administered by mouth, while the duration of its effect is 3–7 hours.[10][11] Long-acting formulations of morphine are available as MS-Contin, Kadian, and other brand names as well as generically.[10]
Potentially serious side effects of morphine include decreased respiratory effort, vomiting, nausea, and low blood pressure.[10] Morphine is addictive and prone to abuse.[10] If one's dose is reduced after long-term use, opioid withdrawal symptoms may occur.[10] Common side effects of morphine include drowsiness, vomiting, and constipation.[10] Caution is advised for use of morphine during pregnancy or breast feeding, as it may affect the health of the baby.[10][2]
Morphine was first isolated between 1803 and 1805 by German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner.[13] This is believed to be the first isolation of a medicinal alkaloid from a plant.[14] Merck began marketing it commercially in 1827.[13] Morphine was more widely used after the invention of the hypodermic syringe in 1853–1855.[13][15] Sertürner originally named the substance morphium, after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus, as it has a tendency to cause sleep.[15][16]
The primary source of morphine is isolation from poppy straw of the opium poppy.[17] In 2013, approximately 523 tons of morphine were produced.[18] Approximately 45 tons were used directly for pain, an increase of 400% over the last twenty years.[18] Most use for this purpose was in the developed world.[18] About 70 percent of morphine is used to make other opioids such as hydromorphone, oxymorphone, and heroin.[18][19][20] It is a Schedule II drug in the United States,[19] Class A in the United Kingdom,[21] and Schedule I in Canada.[22] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[23] Morphine is sold under many brand names.[1] In 2021, it was the 156th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3 million prescriptions.[24][25] It is available as a generic medication.[26]
drugs.com-page
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla.
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