Smart grid

The smart grid is an enhancement of the 20th century electrical grid, using two-way communications and distributed so-called intelligent devices.^[1] Two-way flows of electricity and information could improve the delivery network. Research is mainly focused on three systems of a smart grid – the infrastructure system, the management system, and the protection system.^[2] Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid.^[3]

The smart grid represents the full suite of current and proposed responses to the challenges of electricity supply. Numerous contributions to the overall improvement of the efficiency of energy infrastructure are anticipated from the deployment of smart grid technology, in particular including demand-side management. The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage. Smart grids could also monitor/control residential devices that are noncritical during periods of peak power consumption, and return their function during nonpeak hours.^[4]

A smart grid includes a variety of operation and energy measures:

Advanced metering infrastructure (of which smart meters are a generic name for any utility side device even if it is more capable e.g. a fiber optic router)
Smart distribution boards and circuit breakers integrated with home control and demand response (behind the meter from a utility perspective)
- Load control switches and smart appliances, often financed by efficiency gains on municipal programs (e.g. PACE financing)
Renewable energy resources, including the capacity to charge parked (electric vehicle) batteries or larger arrays of batteries recycled from these, or other energy storage.
Energy efficient resources
Electric surplus distribution by power lines and auto-smart switch
Sufficient utility grade fiber broadband to connect and monitor the above, with wireless as a backup. Sufficient spare if "dark" capacity to ensure failover, often leased for revenue.^[5]^[6]

Concerns with smart grid technology mostly focus on smart meters, items enabled by them, and general security issues. Roll-out of smart grid technology also implies a fundamental re-engineering of the electricity services industry, although typical usage of the term is focused on the technical infrastructure.^[7]

Smart grid policy is organized in Europe as Smart Grid European Technology Platform.^[8] Policy in the United States is described in 42 U.S.C. ch. 152, subch. IX § 17381.

^ Hu, J.; Lanzon, A. (2019). "Distributed finite-time consensus control for heterogeneous battery energy storage systems in droop-controlled microgrids". IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 10 (5): 4751–4761. doi:10.1109/TSG.2018.2868112. S2CID 117469364.
^ Smart Grid - The New and Improved Power Grid: A Survey; IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials 2011; X. Fang, S. Misra, G. Xue, and D. Yang; doi:10.1109/SURV.2011.101911.00087.
^ "Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Assessment of Demand Response & Advanced Metering" (PDF).
^ Sayed, K.; Gabbar, H. A. (1 January 2017). "Chapter 18 – SCADA and smart energy grid control automation". Smart Energy Grid Engineering. Academic Press: 481–514. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-805343-0.00018-8. ISBN 978-0128053430.
^ "Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Assessment of Demand Response & Advanced Metering" (PDF). United States Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
^ Saleh, M. S.; Althaibani, A.; Esa, Y.; Mhandi, Y.; Mohamed, A. A. (October 2015). "Impact of clustering microgrids on their stability and resilience during blackouts". 2015 International Conference on Smart Grid and Clean Energy Technologies (ICSGCE). pp. 195–200. doi:10.1109/ICSGCE.2015.7454295. ISBN 978-1-4673-8732-3. S2CID 25664994.
^ Torriti, Jacopo (2012). "Demand Side Management for the European Supergrid: Occupancy variances of European single-person households". Energy Policy. 44: 199–206. Bibcode:2012EnPol..44..199T. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.01.039.
^ "Smart Grids European Technology Platform". SmartGrids. 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2011-10-11.

[tsg-1] Hu, J.; Lanzon, A. (2019). "Distributed finite-time consensus control for heterogeneous battery energy storage systems in droop-controlled microgrids". IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 10 (5): 4751–4761. doi:10.1109/TSG.2018.2868112. S2CID 117469364.

[2] Smart Grid - The New and Improved Power Grid: A Survey; IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials 2011; X. Fang, S. Misra, G. Xue, and D. Yang; doi:10.1109/SURV.2011.101911.00087.

[3] "Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Assessment of Demand Response & Advanced Metering" (PDF).

[4] Sayed, K.; Gabbar, H. A. (1 January 2017). "Chapter 18 – SCADA and smart energy grid control automation". Smart Energy Grid Engineering. Academic Press: 481–514. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-805343-0.00018-8. ISBN 978-0128053430.

[5] "Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Assessment of Demand Response & Advanced Metering" (PDF). United States Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.

[6] Saleh, M. S.; Althaibani, A.; Esa, Y.; Mhandi, Y.; Mohamed, A. A. (October 2015). "Impact of clustering microgrids on their stability and resilience during blackouts". 2015 International Conference on Smart Grid and Clean Energy Technologies (ICSGCE). pp. 195–200. doi:10.1109/ICSGCE.2015.7454295. ISBN 978-1-4673-8732-3. S2CID 25664994.

[7] Torriti, Jacopo (2012). "Demand Side Management for the European Supergrid: Occupancy variances of European single-person households". Energy Policy. 44: 199–206. Bibcode:2012EnPol..44..199T. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.01.039.

[8] "Smart Grids European Technology Platform". SmartGrids. 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2011-10-11.

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