Operation Linebacker II

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Operation Linebacker II
Part of the Vietnam War
Boeing B-52 Stratofortress on bomb run
Date 18–29 December 1972 Location North Vietnam: Hanoi, Haiphong, Thái Nguyên, Lạng Giang, Bắc Giang Result Both sides claim victory[2][3][4][5]
Belligerents
United States Air Force Navy Marines	North Vietnam Air Defence – Air Force Service Naval Service[1]
Commanders and leaders
John W. Vogt Jr.[6] John C. Meyer[7] Damon W. Cooper[8]	Lieutenant General Văn Tiến Dũng, Chief of General Staff Major General Phùng Thế Tài,[citation needed] Deputy Chief of General Staff Colonel Lê Văn Tri,[citation needed] Commander of the Air Defense – Air Force
Strength
197 to 207 strategic bombers B-52,[citation needed] 14 tactical air groups consisting of 1,077 aircraft of all types from 3 air bases and 6 aircraft carrier[9]	14 SA-2 batteries[10] (266 SA-2 missiles were launched during the operation[10]) 100+ aircraft[7] (including 31 MiG-21s and 16 MiG-17s fighters[11]) AA gun units
Casualties and losses
U.S. claim:[12] 12 tactical aircraft shot down 15 B-52s shot down 4 B-52s suffered heavy damage 5 B-52s suffered medium damage 43 killed in action 49 taken prisoner[13] PAVN claim: 81 aircraft shot down (including 34 B-52s and 5 F-111s;[14] this includes two B-52s shot down by MiG-21 fighters[15])	U.S. claim: 6 MiG-21s shot down (including 2 MiG-21s shot down by B-52 tail gunners)[7] PAVN claim: 3 MiG-21s shot down[16] 1,624 civilians killed[17]

Operation Linebacker II, sometimes referred to as the Christmas bombings, was a strategic bombing campaign conducted by the United States against targets in North Vietnam from December 18 to December 29, 1972, during the Vietnam War. More than 20,000 tons of ordnance was dropped on military and industrial areas in Hanoi and Haiphong and at least 1,624 civilians were killed. The operation was the final major military operation carried out by the U.S. during the conflict, and the largest bombing campaign involving heavy bombers since World War II.

By late 1972, U.S. combat involvement in Vietnam had been dramatically reduced, and negotiations to end the war were underway in Paris. After secret meetings in October between lead negotiators Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho, an informal agreement was reached. The terms included a total U.S. withdrawal, North Vietnam's recognition of South Vietnam, new borders based on the present front lines, and new elections in the South, which would include the then-banned Communist Party of Vietnam. South Vietnamese president Nguyen Van Thieu, however, totally rejected these terms when he was informed about them and, following Richard Nixon's reelection in November, the U.S. submitted new terms, which included the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) as the recognized national border, leading to a breakdown in negotiations on December 16. Nixon issued an ultimatum for the North to return to negotiations within 72 hours, after which he ordered the bombing campaign on December 18. Conducted by more than 200 B-52 bombers from Strategic Air Command supported by tactical planes of the Seventh Air Force and Task Force 77, the raids ran continuously over a 12-day period. The U.S. acknowledged the loss of 16 B-52 bombers, while North Vietnam claimed 34 bombers shot down.

The effect of the bombings on the peace negotiations is debated. On December 22, Nixon asked the North to return to the talks with the terms offered in October and warned Thieu that he would sign the agreement even if Thieu did not. The North agreed, and Nixon ordered a halt to the bombings on December 30. The North Vietnamese delegation stated that the campaign played no role in the decision to return to negotiations, while an aide to Kissinger remarked that "[w]e bombed the North Vietnamese into accepting our concessions". On January 27, 1973, the Paris Peace Accords were signed along the same terms as the initial October agreement.