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Valley of Mexico

The Valley of Mexico at the time of the Spanish conquest in 1519
View of the Valley of Mexico from the neighborhood of San Bernabé Ocotepec, 2022

The Valley of Mexico (Spanish: Valle de México; Nahuatl languages: Anahuac, lit. 'Land Between the Waters'[1]), sometimes also called Basin of Mexico, is a highlands plateau in central Mexico. Surrounded by mountains and volcanoes, the Valley of Mexico was a centre for several pre-Columbian civilizations including Teotihuacan, the Toltec, and the Aztec Empire. The valley used to contain five interconnected lakes called Lake Zumpango, Lake Xaltocan (Nahuatl languages: Xāltocān),[2] Lake Xochimilco, Lake Chalco and the largest, Lake Texcoco, covering about 1,500 square kilometers (580 sq mi) of the valley floor.[3] When the Spaniards arrived in the Valley of Mexico, it had one of the highest population concentrations in the world with about one million people.[3] After the conquest of the Aztec Empire, the Spaniards rebuilt the largest and most dominant city, Mēxihco Tenōchtitlan, renaming it Ciudad de México (Mexico City) and over time began to drain the lakes' waters to control flooding.[4]

The Valley of Mexico is located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt.[5][3] The valley contains most of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, as well as parts of the State of Mexico, Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, and Puebla. The Basin of Mexico covers approximately 9,600 km2 (3,700 sq mi) in the NNE-SSW direction with length to width dimensions of approximately 125 km (78 mi) to 75 km (47 mi)[6] The Valley of Mexico can be subdivided into four basins, but the largest and most-studied is the area that contains Mexico City. This section of the valley in particular is colloquially referred to as the "Valley of Mexico".[7] The valley has a minimum elevation of 2,200 meters (7,200 ft) above sea level and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over 5,000 meters (16,000 ft).[8] It is an enclosed valley with no natural outlet for water to flow to the sea although there is a gap to the north where there is a high mesa but no high mountain peaks. Within this vulnerable watershed all the native fishes were extinct by the end of the 20th century.[9] Hydrologically, the valley has three features. The first feature is the lakebeds of five now-extinct lakes, which are located in the southernmost and largest of the four sub-basins. The other two features are piedmont, and the mountainsides that collect the precipitation that eventually flows to the lake area. These last two are found in all four of the sub-basins of the valley.[5][7] Today, the Valley drains through a series of artificial canals to the Tula River, and eventually the Páruco River and the Gulf of Mexico. Seismic activity is frequent here, and the valley is an earthquake-prone zone.[10]

The valley has been inhabited for at least 12,000 years, attracting humans with its mild climate (average temperatures between 12 and 15 °C, or 54 and 59 °F), abundant game and ability to support large-scale agriculture.[4][11] Civilizations that have arisen in this area include the Teotihuacan (800 BC to 800 AD) the Toltec Empire (10th to 13th century) and the Aztec Empire (1325 to 1521).[4] Although violence and disease significantly lowered the population of the valley after the Conquest, by 1900 it was again over one million people.[12] The 20th and 21st centuries have seen an explosion of population in the valley along with the growth of industry. Since 1900, the population has doubled every fifteen years. Today, around 21 million people live in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area which extends throughout almost all of the valley into the states of Mexico and Hidalgo.[3]

The growth of a major urban industrial centre in an enclosed basin has created significant air and water quality issues for the valley. Wind patterns and thermal inversions trap contaminants in the valley. Over-extraction of groundwater has caused new flooding problems for the city as it sinks below the historic lake floor. This causes stress on the valley's drainage system, requiring new tunnels and canals to be built.[10][13]

  1. ^ Carey, Lydia (March 30, 2018). "The Untold Story Behind How Mexico Got Its Name". Culture Trip. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  2. ^ Burnham, Jeffrey R. (September 1984). "An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl . Frances Karttunen". American Anthropologist. 86 (3): 755. doi:10.1525/aa.1984.86.3.02a00640. ISSN 0002-7294.
  3. ^ a b c d "Mexico City: Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Management of Urban Water Resources". December 2004. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
  4. ^ a b c Kirkwood, Burton (2000). History of Mexico. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-313-30351-7.
  5. ^ a b Diccionario Porrua de Historia, Biografia y Geografia de Mexico 6th ed. – Mexico, Cuenca de (in Spanish). Vol. 3. Editorial Porrua. 1995. p. 2238. ISBN 968-452-907-4.
  6. ^ López-Acosta, Norma Patricia; Espinosa-Santiago, Alejandra Liliana; Barba-Galdámez, David Francisco (2019). "Characterization of soil permeability in the former Lake Texcoco, Mexico". Open Geosciences. 11 (1): 113–124. Bibcode:2019OGeo...11...10L. doi:10.1515/geo-2019-0010.
  7. ^ a b Lafregua, J; Gutierrez, A; Aguilar E; Aparicio J; Mejia R; Santillan O; Suarez MA; Preciado M (2003). "Balance hídrico del Valle de Mexico" (PDF). Anuario IMTA. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
  8. ^ Mexico City's Water Supply: Improving the Outlook for Sustainability. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 1995. ISBN 978-0-309-05245-0.
  9. ^ Noted in passing by Christian Lévêque, Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa, 1997 "Introduction" p. xi.
  10. ^ a b Yip, Maricella; Madl, sierra (April 16, 2002). "Air Pollution in Mexico City". University of Salzburg, Austria. p. 16. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
  11. ^ Acosta Ochoa, Guillermo. "Las ocupaciones preceramicas de la Cuenca de Mexico Del Poblamiento a las primeras sociedades agricolas" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
  12. ^ Hamnett, Brian R (1999). Concise History of Mexico. Port Chester, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58120-2.
  13. ^ Thielman, Jim (September 9, 1997). "Eurekalert". DOE/Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Retrieved November 25, 2008.