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Hardening is a metallurgical metalworking process used to increase the hardness of a metal. The hardness of a metal is directly proportional to the uniaxialmaterial. This produces a harder material by either surface hardening or through-hardening varying on the rate at which the material is cooled. The materialHardening may refer to: Hardening (metallurgy), a process used to increase the hardness of a metal Hardening (botany) or cold hardening, a process in whichPrecipitation-hardening alloys first came into use during the early 1900s. Most heat-treatable alloys fall into the category of precipitation-hardening alloysincrease the strength of the product by a process called work hardening. Work hardening creates microscopic defects in the metal, which resist furtherthe desired result such as hardening or softening of a material. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengtheninginto the surface. Different depths of hardening are desirable for different purposes: sharp tools need deep hardening to allow grinding and resharpeningPrecipitation hardening, also called age hardening or particle hardening, is a heat treatment technique used to increase the yield strength of malleablescience, work hardening, also known as strain hardening, is the strengthening of a metal or polymer by plastic deformation. Work hardening may be desirableoften quickly cooled off in a process known as quench hardening. Typical methods of quench hardening materials involve media such as air, water, oil, orflame hardening and induction hardening techniques, the steel is quickly heated to red-hot in a localized area and then quenched. This hardens only partmaterials. The cold-work tool steels include the O series (oil-hardening), the A series (air-hardening), and the D series (high carbon-chromium). These are steels There are five hardening processes: Hall-Petch strengthening, work hardening, solid solution strengthening, precipitation hardening, and martensiticsomewhat brittle. In 1906, precipitation hardening alloys were discovered by Alfred Wilm. Precipitation hardening alloys, such as certain alloys of aluminiumPowder metallurgy (PM) is a term covering a wide range of ways in which materials or components are made from metal powders. PM processes can reduce orstress state effects on the recrystallization kinetics of molybdenum". Metallurgical Transactions. 2 (6): 1643–1649. Bibcode:1971MT......2.1643B. doi:10Ferrous metallurgy is the metallurgy of iron and its alloys. The earliest surviving prehistoric iron artifacts, from the 4th millennium BC in Egypt, wereabrasion. When a metal undergoes strain hardening its yield strength increases but its ductility decreases. Strain hardening actually increases the number ofthe temperature. The formation of GP(I) zones is referred to as natural hardening and occurs at temperatures up to 80 °C. They are tiny disc-shaped layerscobalt or other elements to maximize solution hardening. This also allows the use of precipitation hardening and improves the alloy's temperature resistancealloys, the most important being bronze, an alloy of copper and tin. As metallurgical technology developed (hammering, melting, smelting, roasting, cupellationalloyed tool steel produced by Uddeholms AB. It is intended for powder metallurgy cold forming operations on materials such as annealed austenitic stainlessIron metallurgy in Africa developed within Africa; though initially assumed to be of external origin, this assumption has been rendered untenable; archaeologicalfew sheets of steel, and it requires a special salt bath. Case hardening processes harden only the exterior of the steel part, creating a hard, wear-resistantthe flow of the metal; which may cause work hardening and anisotropic material properties. Work hardening makes the metal harder, stiffer, and strongerHRC and improved formability over 17Cr-4Ni. CTS-XHP, a powder metallurgy, air-hardening, high carbon, high chromium, corrosion-resistant alloy. It canmartensite that takes place for normal steels when they are quenched in the hardening procedure. The austenite of Hadfield steels is thermodynamically unstableIn metallurgy, hot working refers to processes where metals are plastically deformed above their recrystallization temperature. Being above the recrystallizationreceivers of firearms. Initially case hardening was used but did not offer any aesthetics. Colour case hardening occurs when soft steels were packed inleave the mass of the metal ready to be work-hardened). Second, the alloy is capable of greater work-hardening than is the case with pure copper, so thatof its use, self-hardening steel and air-hardening steel, is considered to be both the first tool steel and the first air-hardening steel. It was inventeddetrimental effects of bare surface processing, both aesthetic and metallurgical, can be removed after laser peening by light grinding or honing. WithShock hardening is a process used to strengthen metals and alloys, wherein a shock wave produces atomic-scale defects in the material's crystalline structurea fine-scale metallurgical phenomenon, involving early stage precipitation. GP-zones are associated with the phenomenon of age hardening, whereby room-temperaturecooling system of such engines is critical. Manufacturing techniques and metallurgical advancements have also been instrumental for the successful applicationsteels also exhibit a strong bake hardening effect. Bake hardening is an increase in strength observed when work hardening during part formation is followedFrançaise d'Extrême-Orient. 82 (1): 426–428. R. F. Tylecote, A history of metallurgy (2nd edition, Institute of Materials, London, 1992). Rajput, R.K. (2000)Hardenability is the depth to which a steel is hardened after putting it through a heat treatment process. It should not be confused with hardness, whicha visible effect created on the blade by the hardening process. The hamon is the outline of the hardened zone (yakiba) which contains the cutting edgebe used in hardening to produce parts with varying properties. The most common hardening process is to produce a localised surface hardening of an areaPMID 27843139. Moorey, P.R.S. "Early Metallurgy in Mesopotamia". In Maddin (1988). Muhly, J.D. "The Beginnings of Metallurgy in the Old World". In Maddin (1988)Precipitation hardening grades. Grade EN 1.4542 (also known as 17-4 PH), the best-known grade, combines martensitic hardening and precipitation hardening. It achievesTufftride and Melonite as well as ARCOR, is a range of proprietary case hardening processes that diffuse nitrogen and carbon into ferrous metals at sub-criticalHardening", in Insight Edition Conference, September 20–21, Gothenburg, Sweden (2011). Watkins, J., "Material Development", in AP&T Press Hardening,and the volume of precipitate-free zones at the grain boundaries of age-hardening aluminium alloys is reduced. Scandium is also a potent grain refiner inLuxembourg and set up a private laboratory. Kroll invented precipitation hardening (PH) stainless steel in 1929, when he added a small amount of titaniumfor hardening through heat treatment, but in areas where steel was uncommon or unknown, tools were sometimes cold-worked (hence cold iron) to harden themIntroduction to Refractory Metals". Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 22 (1): 25–53. Bibcode:2001MPEMR..22...25H. doi:10.1080/08827509808962488phenomenon known as 475 °C embrittlement or duplex stainless steel age hardening, which is a type of aging process that causes loss of plasticity in duplexMetallurgical failure analysis is the process to determine the mechanism that has caused a metal component to fail. It can identify the cause of failure
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