South Africa

Republic of South Africa 10 other official names[1] Zulu: iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika Xhosa: iRiphablikhi yoMzantsi-Afrika Afrikaans: Republiek van Suid-Afrika Pedi: Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa Tswana: Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa Southern Sotho: Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa Tsonga: Riphabliki ya Afrika Dzonga Swazi: iRiphabhulikhi yeNingizimu Afrika Venda: Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe Southern Ndebele: iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "ǃke e꞉ ǀxarra ǁke" (ǀXam) "Unity in Diversity"
Anthem: "National anthem of South Africa"
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Capital	Pretoria (executive)[2] Cape Town (legislative)[2] Bloemfontein (judicial)[2][3]
Largest city	Johannesburg[4]
Official languages	11 languages[1] English isiZulu isiXhosa Afrikaans Sepedi Setswana Sesotho Xitsonga siSwati (Swazi) Tshivenda isiNdebele Languages with special status[5] Khoi languages Nama San languages South African Sign Language German Greek Gujarati Hindi Portuguese Telugu Tamil Urdu Arabic Hebrew Sanskrit
Ethnic groups (2019[6])	80.7% Black African 8.8% Coloured 7.9% White 2.6% Indian/Asian
Religion (2016)[7]	78.0% Christianity —58.3% Protestantism —19.7% Other Christian 10.9% No religion 4.4% Traditional faiths 1.6% Islam 1.0% Hinduism 2.7% Others 1.4% Undetermined
Demonym(s)	South African
Government	Unitary dominant-party parliamentary republic
• President	Cyril Ramaphosa
• Deputy President	David Mabuza
• Chairperson of the National Council	Amos Masondo
• Speaker of the National Assembly	Thandi Modise
Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	National Council
• Lower house	National Assembly
Independence  from the United Kingdom
• Union	31 May 1910
• Self-governance	11 December 1931
• Republic	31 May 1961
• Democratisation	27 April 1994
• Current constitution	4 February 1997
Area
• Total	1,221,037 km2 (471,445 sq mi) (24th)
• Water (%)	0.380
Population
• 2019 estimate	59,622,350[8] (23rd)
• 2011 census	51,770,560[9]:18
• Density	42.4/km2 (109.8/sq mi) (169th)
GDP (PPP)	2021 estimate
• Total	$748 billion[10] (32nd)
• Per capita	$12,351[10] (96th)
GDP (nominal)	2021 estimate
• Total	$317 billion[10] (35th)
• Per capita	$5,236[10] (89th)
Gini (2014)	63.0[11] very high
HDI (2019)	0.709[12] high · 114th
Currency	South African rand (ZAR)
Time zone	UTC+2 (SAST)
Date format	yyyy/mm/dd yyyy-mm-dd
Driving side	left
Calling code	+27
ISO 3166 code	ZA
Internet TLD	.za

South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. With over 59 million people, it is the world's 23rd-most populous nation and covers an area of 1,221,037 square kilometres (471,445 square miles). South Africa has three capital cities: executive Pretoria, judicial Bloemfontein and legislative Cape Town. The largest city is Johannesburg. About 80% of South Africans are of Black African ancestry,^[9] divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages.^[13] The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (White South Africans), Asian (Indian South Africans), and Multiracial (Coloured South Africans) ancestry.

It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans;^[14][15][13] to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini (former Swaziland); and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho.^[16] It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World, and the most populous country located entirely south of the equator. South Africa is a biodiversity hotspot, with a diversity of unique biomes and plant and animal life.

South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures, languages, and religions. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution's recognition of 11 official languages, the fourth-highest number in the world.^[13] According to the 2011 census, the two most spoken first languages are Zulu (22.7%) and Xhosa (16.0%).^[9] The two next ones are of European origin: Afrikaans (13.5%) developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most Coloured and White South Africans; English (9.6%) reflects the legacy of British colonialism, and is commonly used in public and commercial life. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état, and regular elections have been held for almost a century. However, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994.

During the 20th century, the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority, which played a large role in the country's recent history and politics. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation. After a long and sometimes violent struggle by the African National Congress (ANC) and other anti-apartheid activists both inside and outside the country, the repeal of discriminatory laws began in the mid-1980s. Since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the country's liberal democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the "rainbow nation" to describe the country's multicultural diversity, especially in the wake of apartheid.^[17]

South Africa is a developing country and ranks at 114th on the Human Development Index, the seventh-highest in Africa. It has been classified by the World Bank as a newly industrialised country, with the second-largest economy in Africa, and the 33rd-largest in the world.^[18][19] South Africa also has the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa. The country is a middle power in international affairs; it maintains significant regional influence and is a member of both the Commonwealth of Nations and G20.^[20][21] However, crime, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed and living on less than US$1.25 a day.^[22][23] Moreover, climate change is an important issue for South Africa: it is a major contributor to climate change as the 14th largest emitter of greenhouse gases as of 2018 (in large part due to its coal industry),^[24] and is vulnerable to many of its impacts, because of its water-insecure environment and vulnerable communities.