Mali

Republic of Mali
Official names
  • Bambara:Mali ka Fasojamana
    Fula:Republik bu Maali
    Hassaniya:جُمْهُورِيَّةْ مَالِي (Jumhūriyyet Māli)
    Soninke:Mali Tɔgɔbadugu
    Tamasheq:ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ (Tagduda n Mali)
Motto: "Un peuple, un but, une foi" (French)
"One people, one goal, one faith"
Anthem: "Le Mali" (French)
Location of Mali (green)
Location of Mali (green)
Capital
and largest city
Bamako
12°39′N 8°0′W / 12.650°N 8.000°W / 12.650; -8.000
Official languagesFrench


13 national languages[1][2]

Spoken languages
Ethnic groups
Religion
(2021)[5]
Demonym(s)Malian
GovernmentUnitary presidential republic under a military junta[6]
• President
Assimi Goïta (interim)
Choguel Kokalla Maïga (interim)
LegislatureNational Assembly
Formation
1235
• Establishment of the Sudanese Republic
24 November 1958
• Merger with Senegal to create the Mali Federation
4 April 1959
• Independence from France
20 June 1960
• Dissolution of the Mali Federation
20 August 1960
• Declaration of the Republic of Mali
22 September 1960
Area
• Total
1,241,238[7] km2 (479,245 sq mi) (23rd)
• Water (%)
1.6
Population
• 2023 estimate
21,359,722[8] (61st)
• Density
11.7/km2 (30.3/sq mi) (215th)
GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $61.625 billion[9] (115th)
• Per capita
Increase $2,639[9] (174th)
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $21.309 billion[9] (123rd)
• Per capita
Increase $912[9] (175th)
Gini (2010)33.0[10]
medium
HDI (2021)Increase 0.428[11]
low (186th)
CurrencyWest African CFA franc (XOF)
Time zoneUTC (GMT)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Driving sideright[12]
Calling code+223
ISO 3166 codeML
Internet TLD.ml

Mali,[c] officially the Republic of Mali,[d] is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over 1,241,238 square kilometres (479,245 sq mi).[13] The country is bordered to the north by Algeria, to the east by Niger, to the northwest by Mauritania, to the south by Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast, and to the west by Guinea and Senegal. The population of Mali is 21.9 million,[14][15] 67% of which was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017.[16] Its capital and largest city is Bamako. The country has 13 official languages, of which Bambara is the most commonly spoken.

The sovereign state of Mali consists of 19 regions; its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert. The country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, is in the Sudanian savanna and both the Niger and Senegal rivers pass through. The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining. Its most prominent natural resources include gold, of which it is the third largest producer in Africa,[17] as well as salt.[18]

Mali was once part of three extremely powerful and wealthy West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire (for which Ghana is named), the Mali Empire (for which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire was the wealthiest country in Africa[19] and one of the wealthiest on earth, with its 14th-century emperor Mansa Musa believed to be one of the wealthiest individuals in history.[20][21][22] Besides being an economic powerhouse, medieval Mali was a centre of Islam, culture and knowledge, with Timbuktu becoming a renowned place of learning with its university, one of the oldest in the world still active. The expanding Songhai Empire absorbed the empire in 1468,[not verified in body] followed by a Saadian army which defeated the Songhai in 1591. In the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali, making it a part of French Sudan; as the Sudanese Republic, a brief federation with Senegal was formed, achieving independence in 1960. After Senegal's withdrawal, the Republic of Mali was established. After a long period of one-party rule, a coup in 1991 led to a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state.

In January 2012, an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali, in which Tuareg rebels took control of a territory in the north, and in April declared the secession of a new state, Azawad.[23] The conflict was complicated by a military coup in March 2012[24] and later fighting between Tuareg and other rebel factions. In response to territorial gains, the French military launched Operation Serval in January 2013.[25] A month later, Malian and French forces recaptured most of the north, although the conflict continued. Presidential elections were held on 28 July 2013, with a second-round run-off held on 11 August, and legislative elections were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013. In the early 2020s, Mali experienced two military takeovers by Assimi Goïta.

  1. ^ "JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION" (PDF). sgg-mali.ml (in French). 22 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023. Article 31 : Les langues nationales sont les langues officielles du Mali. [Article 31: The national languages are the official languages of Mali.]
  2. ^ "JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2017-0735/P-RM DU 21 AOUT 2017 FIXANT L'ORGANISATION ET LES MODALITES DE FONCTIONNEMENT DES STRUCTURES DE L'EDUCATION NON FORMELLE" (PDF). sgg-mali.ml (in French). 21 August 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2023. Selon la Loi n°96- 049 du 23 août 1996, les langues nationales du Mali sont : (...) [According to Law No. 96-049 of 23 August 1996, the national languages of Mali are: (...)]
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference p6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ "Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". CIA.gov. 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  5. ^ "Mali". United States Department of State. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  6. ^ Booty, Natasha; Pivac, Mark (23 July 2023). "Assimi Goïta: President gets sweeping powers in new Mali constitution". BBC News. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  7. ^ "Mali country profile". BBC News. 19 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  8. ^ "Mali". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  9. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Mali)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  10. ^ "Gini Index". World Bank. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  11. ^ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  12. ^ Which side of the road do they drive on? Archived 14 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
  13. ^ "Mali country profile". BBC News. 19 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  14. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  15. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  16. ^ "Index Mundi using CIA World Factbook statistics, January 20, 2018, retrieved April 13, 2019". Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  17. ^ Mali gold reserves rise in 2011 alongside price Archived 21 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 January 2013
  18. ^ Human Development Indices Archived 12 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Table 3: Human and income poverty, p. 6. Retrieved 1 June 2009
  19. ^ "Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali)". National Geographic Society. 14 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  20. ^ Mali Empire (ca. 1200-) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed Archived 5 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine. The Black Past. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
  21. ^ "Is Mansa Musa the richest man who ever lived?". BBC News. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  22. ^ "Who is the richest person of all time?". The Week UK. December 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  23. ^ Polgreen, Lydia and Cowell, Alan (6 April 2012) "Mali Rebels Proclaim Independent State in North" Archived 28 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times
  24. ^ UN Security Council condemns Mali coup Archived 28 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Telegraph (23 March 2012). Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  25. ^ "Mali – la France a mené une série de raids contre les islamistes". Le Monde. 12 January 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2013.


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