Bangladesh

People's Republic of Bangladesh
গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ (Bengali)
Gôṇoprojātôntrī Bāṅglādesh
Anthem: আমার সোনার বাংলা
Amar Sonar Bangla
"My Golden Bengal"
March: নতুনের গান
Notuner Gaan
"The Song of Youth"[1]
Slogan: জয় বাংলা
Joy Bangla
"Victory to Bengal"[2][3]
Official Seal of the Government of Bangladesh
  • Seal of the Government of Bangladesh
Capital
and largest city
Dhaka
23°45′50″N 90°23′20″E / 23.76389°N 90.38889°E / 23.76389; 90.38889
Official language
and national language
Bengali[4][5]
Minority languages
Ethnic groups
(2022[12])
98.2–99% Bengali
Religion
Demonym(s)Bangladeshi
GovernmentUnitary parliamentary republic[17]
• President
Mohammed Shahabuddin
Sheikh Hasina
Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury
Obaidul Hassan
LegislatureJatiya Sangsad
Independence 
26 March 1971
• Victory
16 December 1971
16 December 1972
Area
• Total
148,460[18] km2 (57,320 sq mi) (92nd)
• Water (%)
6.4
• Land area
130,170 km2[18]
• Water area
18,290 km2[18]
Population
• 2022 census
169,828,911[19][20] (8th)
• Density
1,165/km2 (3,017.3/sq mi) (12th)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $1.620 trillion[21] (25th)
• Per capita
Increase $9,410[22] (126th)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $455.166 billion[23] (34th)
• Per capita
Increase $2,650[24] (137th)
Gini (2022)Negative increase 49.9[25]
high
HDI (2022)Increase 0.670[26]
medium (129th)
CurrencyTaka () (BDT)
Time zoneUTC+6 (BST)
Driving sideleft
Calling code+880
ISO 3166 codeBD
Internet TLD.bd
.বাংলা

Bangladesh,[a] officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh,[b] is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world and is among the most densely populated countries with a population of nearly 170 million in an area of 148,460 square kilometres (57,320 sq mi). Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the north, west, and east, and Myanmar to the southeast. To the south, it has a coastline along the Bay of Bengal. It is narrowly separated from Bhutan and Nepal by the Siliguri Corridor, and from China by the mountainous Indian state of Sikkim in the north. Dhaka, the capital and largest city, is the nation's political, financial, and cultural centre. Chittagong, the second-largest city, is the busiest port on the Bay of Bengal. The official language of Bangladesh is Bengali.

Bangladesh forms the sovereign part of the historic and ethnolinguistic region of Bengal, which was divided during the Partition of India in 1947 as part of a Muslim union with Pakistan, which it separated from in 1971.[27] The country has a Bengali Muslim majority. Ancient Bengal was known as Gangaridai and was a bastion of pre-Islamic kingdoms. Muslim conquests after 1204 heralded the sultanate and Mughal periods, during which an independent Bengal Sultanate and a wealthy Mughal Bengal transformed the region into an important centre of regional affairs, trade, and diplomacy. After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the maximum extent of British Bengal stretched from the Khyber Pass in the west to Singapore in the east.[28][29] The creation of Eastern Bengal and Assam in 1905 set a precedent for the emergence of Bangladesh. The All India Muslim League was founded in Dhaka in 1906.[30] In 1940, the first Prime Minister of Bengal, A. K. Fazlul Huq, supported the Lahore Resolution. Before the partition of Bengal, a Bengali sovereign state was first proposed by premier H. S. Suhrawardy. A referendum and the announcement of the Radcliffe Line established the present-day territorial boundary.

In 1947, East Bengal became the most populous province in the Dominion of Pakistan. It was renamed as East Pakistan, with Dhaka becoming the country's legislative capital. The Bengali Language Movement in 1952; the East Bengali legislative election, 1954; the 1958 Pakistani coup d'état; the six point movement of 1966; and the 1970 Pakistani general election resulted in the rise of Bengali nationalism and pro-democracy movements. The refusal of the Pakistani military junta to transfer power to the Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. The Mukti Bahini, aided by India, waged a successful armed revolution. The conflict saw the Bangladesh genocide and the massacre of pro-independence Bengali civilians, including intellectuals. The new state of Bangladesh became the first constitutionally secular state in South Asia in 1972.[31] Islam was declared the state religion in 1988.[32][33][34] In 2010, the Bangladesh Supreme Court reaffirmed secular principles in the constitution.[35]

A middle power in the Indo-Pacific,[36] Bangladesh is home to the sixth-most spoken language in the world, the third-largest Muslim-majority population in the world, and the second-largest economy in South Asia. It maintains the third-largest military in the region and is the largest contributor of personnel to UN peacekeeping operations.[37] Bangladesh is a unitary parliamentary republic based on the Westminster system. Bengalis make up 99% of the total population.[38] The country consists of eight divisions, 64 districts and 495 subdistricts, as well as the world's largest mangrove forest. It hosts one of the largest refugee populations in the world due to the Rohingya genocide.[39] Bangladesh faces many challenges, particularly corruption, political instability, overpopulation and effects of climate change. Bangladesh has been a leader within the Climate Vulnerable Forum. It hosts the headquarters of BIMSTEC. It is a founding member of the SAARC, as well as a member of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the Commonwealth of Nations.

  1. ^ "National Symbols→National march". Bangladesh Tourism Board. Ministry of Civil Aviation & Tourism. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2015. In 13 January 1972, the ministry of Bangladesh has adopted this song as a national marching song on its first meeting after the country's independence.
  2. ^ "'Joy Bangla' to be national slogan: HC". Daily Prothom Alo. 10 March 2020. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  3. ^ "HC orders govt to announce 'Joy Bangla' as national slogan in three months". bdnews24.com. 10 March 2020. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  4. ^ "The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh". Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  5. ^ "বাংলা ভাষা প্রচলন আইন, ১৯৮৭" [Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987]. bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd (in Bengali). Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  6. ^ Mintu Deshwara, Pinaki Roy (21 February 2021). "The last of the Kharia speakers". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2 January 2024. After our death, nobody will speak this language [Kharia]. I tried to teach the language to the younger people but they do not show interest and laugh at me when I speak in Kharia.
  7. ^ Jengcham, Subhas (2012). "Bonaz". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  8. ^ "Telugu people's permanent rehabilitation demanded". New Age. Dhaka. 17 February 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  9. ^ Shahabuddin, Mohammad (24 October 2021). ঢাকাইয়া সোব্বাসি ও তাদের ভাষা [Dhakaiya Sobbasi and their language]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  10. ^ "Vote for 'stranded Pakistanis'". BBC News. 6 May 2003. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  11. ^ "Bangladesh". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  12. ^ "Ethnic population in 2022 census: Real picture not reflected". The Daily Star. 9 August 2022. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  13. ^ "Census data confirm decline of Bangladesh's religious minorities". www.asianews.it.
  14. ^ The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh ( ACT NO. OF 1972 ). (n.d.). In Bangladesh. Retrieved June 13, 2023, from http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24549.html Archived 17 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ "Population of minority religions decrease further in Bangladesh". The Business Standard. 27 July 2022.
  16. ^ "Census 2022: Bangladesh population now 165 million". 27 July 2022. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  17. ^ "A Perilous Moment for Bangladesh's Democracy". United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  18. ^ a b c "Bangladesh". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 13 November 2021. (Archived 2021 edition)
  19. ^ "Population and Housing Census 2022: Post Enumeration Check (PEC) Adjusted Population" (PDF). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 18 April 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  20. ^ "Report: 68% Bangladeshis live in villages". Dhaka Tribune. 28 November 2023.
  21. ^ "Download World Economic Outlook database: April 2023". International Monetary Fund - IMF. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  22. ^ "Download World Economic Outlook database: April 2023". International Monetary Fund - IMF. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  23. ^ "Download World Economic Outlook database: April 2023". International Monetary Fund - IMF. IMF. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  24. ^ "Download World Economic Outlook database: April 2023". IMF. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  25. ^ "KEY FINDINGS HIES 2022" (PDF) (Press release). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  26. ^ Nations, United (13 March 2024). "Human Development Report 2023-24" – via hdr.undp.org.
  27. ^ Frank E. Eyetsemitan; James T. Gire (2003). Aging and Adult Development in the Developing World: Applying Western Theories and Concepts. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-89789-925-3.
  28. ^ "The Commonwealth and Dhaka". 15 September 2023.
  29. ^ Llewellyn-Jones, Rosie (8 February 2023). Empire Building: The Construction of British India, 1690–1860 – Rosie Llewellyn-Jones – Google Books. Hurst Publishers. ISBN 9781805260264. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  30. ^ "Muslim League - Banglapedia".
  31. ^ Lailufar Yasmin. "Struggle for the Soul of Bangladesh". Institute for Global Change. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  32. ^ "Bangladesh profile – Timeline". BBC News. 26 February 2019. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  33. ^ Alam, Shah (1991). "The State-Religion Amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh: A Critique". Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America. 24 (2): 209–225. JSTOR 43110030. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  34. ^ "Writ challenging Islam as state religion rejected". The Daily Star. 28 March 2016. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  35. ^ "Bangladesh" (PDF). U.S. State Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  36. ^ "A rising Bangladesh starts to exert its regional power". The Interpreter. Lowyinstitute.org. 21 February 2019. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  37. ^ "Contribution of Uniformed Personnel to UN by Country and Personnel Type" (PDF). United Nations. 4 April 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  38. ^ Roy, Pinaki; Deshwara, Mintu (9 August 2022). "Ethnic population in 2022 census: Real picture not reflected". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  39. ^ Mahmud, Faisal. "Four years on, Rohingya stuck in Bangladesh camps yearn for home". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.


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