Brown trout

Brown trout
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Salmoniformes
Family: Salmonidae
Genus: Salmo
Species:
S. trutta
Binomial name
Salmo trutta
Morphs

Salmo trutta morpha trutta
Salmo trutta morpha fario
Salmo trutta morpha lacustris

Synonyms[2]
previous scientific names
  • Trutta fluviatilis (Duhamel, 1771) Trutta salmonata (Rutty, 1772) Fario trutta (Linnaeus, 1758) Salmo trutta trutta (Linnaeus, 1758) Trutta trutta (Linnaeus, 1758) Salmo fario (Linnaeus, 1758) Salmo trutta fario (Linnaeus, 1758) Trutta fario (Linnaeus, 1758) Salmo lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758) Fario lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758) Salmo trutta lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758) Salmo eriox (Linnaeus, 1758) Trutta lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758) Trutta marina (Duhamel, 1771) Salmo illanca (Wartmann, 1783) Trutta salmanata (Strøm, 1784) Salmo albus (Bonnaterre, 1788) Salmo stroemii (Gmelin, 1789) Salmo sylvaticus (Gmelin, 1789) Salmo cornubiensis (Walbaum, 1792) Salmo fario loensis (Walbaum, 1792) Salmo albus (Walbaum, 1792) Salmo saxatilis (Schrank, 1798) Salmo fario var. forestensis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Salmo faris var. forestensis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Salmo cumberland (Lacepède, 1803) Salmo gadoides (Lacepède, 1803) Salmo phinoc (Shaw, 1804) Salmo cambricus (Donovan, 1806) Salmo taurinus (Walker, 1812) Salmo montana (Walker, 1812) Salmo spurius (Pallas, 1814) Salmo lemanus (Cuvier, 1829) Salmo truttula (Nilsson, 1832) Salmo caecifer (Parnell, 1838) Salmo levenensis (Yarrell, 1839) Salmo orientalis (McClelland, 1842) Salar ausonii (Valenciennes, 1848) Fario argenteus (Valenciennes, 1848) Salar bailloni (Valenciennes, 1848) Salar gaimardi (Valenciennes, 1848) Salar spectabilis (Valenciennes, 1848) Salmo estuarius (Knox, 1855) Salar ausonii var. semipunctata (Heckel & Kner, 1858) Salar ausonii var. parcepunctata (Heckel & Kner, 1858) Salmo fario major (Walecki, 1863) Salmo venernensis (Günther, 1866) Salmo brachypoma (Günther, 1866) Salmo mistops (Günther, 1866) Salmo polyosteus (Günther, 1866) Salmo gallivensis (Günther, 1866) Salmo rappii (Günther, 1866) Salmo orcadensis (Günther, 1866) Salmo islayensis (Thomson, 1873) Salmo oxianus (Kessler, 1874) Salmo trutta oxianus (Kessler, 1874) Trutta variabilis (Lunel, 1874) Trutta marina (Moreau, 1881) Salmo lacustris rhenana (Fatio, 1890) Salmo lacustris septentrionalis (Fatio, 1890) Salmo lacustris romanovi (Kawraisky, 1896) Salmo trutta aralensis (Berg, 1908) Salmo trutta ezenami (non Berg, 1948) Salmo trutta ciscaucasicus (non Dorofeeva, 1967) Salmo abanticus Tortonese, 1954

The brown trout (Salmo trutta) is a species of salmonid ray-finned fish and the most widely distributed species of the genus Salmo, endemic to most of Europe, West Asia and parts of North Africa, and has been widely introduced globally as a game fish, even becoming one of the world's worst invasive species outside of its native range.

Brown trout are highly adaptable and have evolved numerous ecotypes/subspecies. These include three main ecotypes: a riverine ecotype called river trout or Salmo trutta morpha fario; a lacustrine ecotype or S. trutta morpha lacustris, also called the lake trout (not to be confused with the lake trout in North America);[3][4] and anadromous populations known as the sea trout or S. trutta morpha trutta, which upon adulthood migrate downstream to the oceans for much of its life and only returns to fresh water to spawn in the gravel beds of headstreams.[citation needed] Sea trout in Ireland and Great Britain have many regional names: sewin in Wales, finnock in Scotland, peal in the West Country, mort in North West England, and white trout in Ireland.

The lacustrine and riverine morphs of brown trout are both potamodromous, meaning they are also migratory, though only between freshwater bodies. Lacustrine trout mainly inhabit large lakes with calm and stratified deep water, while riverine trout forms fluvial populations typically in large rivers but sometimes in shallower creeks and alpine streams, both still migrating upstream during reproductive seasons. Anadromous and potamodromous morphs coexisting in the same river appear genetically identical.[5] What determines whether they migrate to sea or not remains unknown.

  1. ^ Freyhof, J. (2011). "Salmo trutta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T19861A9050312. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19861A9050312.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Synonyms of Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758". Fishbase.org. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  3. ^ Derwent Publications, Thesaurus of Agricultural Organisms, Vol. 1, London: Chapman and Hall, 1990, p. 1058.
  4. ^ E. Brown, World Fish Farming: Cultivation and Economics, Connecticut: AVI, 1983, p. 93.
  5. ^ Lack of genetic differentiation between anadromous and resident sympatric brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a Normandy population. Archived 2007-05-18 at the Wayback Machine. In Aquatic Living Resources, Volume 18, N° 1, January–March 2005. Pages 65–69.