3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy (tablet form), and molly or mandy (crystal form),[15][16] is a potent empathogen–entactogen with stimulant and minor psychedelic properties.[17] Investigational indications include as an adjunct to psychotherapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social anxiety in autism spectrum disorder.[18][19][20] The purported pharmacological effects that may be prosocial include altered sensations, increased energy, empathy, and pleasure.[17][21] When taken by mouth, effects begin in 30 to 45 minutes and last three to six hours.[12][22]
MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 by Merck chemist Anton Köllisch.[23] It was used to enhance psychotherapy beginning in the 1970s and became popular as a street drug in the 1980s.[21][22] MDMA is commonly associated with dance parties, raves, and electronic dance music.[24] Tablets sold as ecstasy may be mixed with other substances such as ephedrine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine.[21] In 2016, about 21 million people between the ages of 15 and 64 used ecstasy (0.3% of the world population).[25] This was broadly similar to the percentage of people who use cocaine or amphetamines, but lower than for cannabis or opioids.[25] In the United States, as of 2017, about 7% of people have used MDMA at some point in their lives and 0.9% have used it in the last year.[26] The lethal risk from one dose of MDMA is estimated to be from 1 death in 20,000 instances to 1 death in 50,000 instances.[27]
MDMA has limited approved medical uses in a small number of countries,[31] but is illegal in most jurisdictions.[32] In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration is evaluating the drug for clinical use as of 2021[update].[33] Canada has allowed limited distribution of MDMA upon application to and approval by Health Canada.[34][35] In Australia, it may be prescribed in the treatment of PTSD by specifically authorised psychiatrists.[36]
^Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 375. ISBN978-0-07-148127-4.
^ abcdFreye E (28 July 2009). "Pharmacological Effects of MDMA in Man". Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs. Springer Netherlands. pp. 151–160. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_24. ISBN978-90-481-2448-0.
^Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, Capela JP, Pontes H, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos M (August 2012). "Toxicity of amphetamines: an update". Archives of Toxicology. 86 (8): 1167–231. doi:10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5. PMID22392347. S2CID2873101.
^Håvard Atle Skaug, ed. (14 December 2020). "Hva er tryggest av molly og ecstasy?". Ung.no (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Children, Youth and Family Affairs. Retrieved 20 June 2022. MDMA er virkestoffet i både Molly-krystaller og Ecstasy-tabletter.
^White CM (March 2014). "How MDMA's pharmacology and pharmacokinetics drive desired effects and harms". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 54 (3): 245–252. doi:10.1002/jcph.266. PMID24431106. S2CID6223741.
^Sessa B, Aday JS, O'Brien S, Curran HV, Measham F, Higbed L, Nutt DJ (March 2022). "Debunking the myth of 'Blue Mondays': No evidence of affect drop after taking clinical MDMA". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 36 (3): 360–367. doi:10.1177/02698811211055809. PMID34894842. S2CID245184699.