English Civil War

English Civil War
	Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
	; The Battle of Naseby, 14 June 1645; Parliamentarian victory marked the decisive turning point in the English Civil War.
Date	August 1642 – September 1651
Location	Great Britain
Result	Parliamentarian victory Execution of Charles I; Establishment of the Commonwealth of England;
Belligerents
Parliamentarians; Covenanter Scots (1643 to 1647);	Royalists; Covenanter Scots (1649 to 1652);
Commanders and leaders
Robert Devereux; Edward Montagu; Thomas Fairfax; Oliver Cromwell; William Waller; Alexander Leslie (1643 to 1647); David Leslie (1643 to 1645);	Charles I ; Prince Rupert; William Cavendish; Prince Maurice; George Goring; Sir Ralph Hopton; Charles II; Alexander Leslie (1648 to 1651); David Leslie (1650 to 1651);
Casualties and losses
34,130 dead; 32,823 captured;	50,700 dead; 83,467 captured;
	127,000 non-combat deaths (including some 40,000 civilians)

The English Civil War refers to a series of civil wars and political machinations between Royalists and Parliamentarians in the Kingdom of England^[b] from 1642 to 1651. Part of the wider 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the struggle consisted of the First English Civil War and the Second English Civil War. The Anglo-Scottish War of 1650 to 1652 is sometimes referred to as the Third English Civil War.

While the conflicts in the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland had similarities, each had their own specific issues and objectives. The First English Civil War was fought primarily over the correct balance of power between Parliament and Charles I. It ended in June 1646 with Royalist defeat and the king in custody.

However, victory exposed Parliamentarian divisions over the nature of the political settlement. The vast majority went to war in 1642 to assert Parliament's right to participate in government, not abolish the monarchy, which meant Charles' refusal to make concessions led to a stalemate. Concern over the political influence of radicals within the New Model Army like Oliver Cromwell led to an alliance between moderate Parliamentarians and Royalists, supported by the Covenanters. Royalist defeat in the 1648 Second English Civil War resulted in the execution of Charles I in January 1649, and establishment of the Commonwealth of England.

In 1650, Charles II was crowned king of Scotland, in return for agreeing to create a Presbyterian church in both England and Scotland. The subsequent Anglo-Scottish War ended with Parliamentarian victory at Worcester on 3 September 1651. Both Ireland and Scotland were incorporated into the Commonwealth, and Britain became a unitary state until the Stuart Restoration in 1660.

^ ^a ^b Clodfelter, Micheal (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures 1500–1999. McFarland & Co. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7864-1204-4.

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[Clod-1] Clodfelter, Micheal (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures 1500–1999. McFarland & Co. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7864-1204-4.

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