Trumpism

Clockwise from top:
Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign rally in Greenville, North Carolina; Donald Trump at a 2016 rally in Arizona; armed supporters of Trump at a Minnesota demonstration, September 2020;[note 1] a supporter kneeling in prayer at a 2016 Trump rally in Tucson; a supporter rejecting calls for empathy at a rally in 2019; Trump supporters storming the Capitol Building on January 6, 2021[note 2]

Trumpism is an authoritarian[a] political movement that follows the political ideologies associated with Donald Trump and his political base.[32][33] Scholars and historians describe Trumpism as a movement that incorporates a wide range of right-wing ideologies such as right-wing populism, national conservatism, neo-nationalism, and neo-fascism.[b] Trumpist rhetoric heavily features anti-immigrant,[43] xenophobic,[44] nativist,[45] and racist attacks against minority groups.[46][47] Other identified aspects include conspiracist,[48][49] isolationist,[45][50] Christian nationalist,[51] protectionist,[52][53] anti-feminist,[17][13] and anti-LGBT[54] beliefs. Trumpists and Trumpians are terms that refer to individuals exhibiting its characteristics.

According to Peter E. Gordon, a historian of philosophy and critical theorist, the distinguishing mark of Trumpism is that it is authoritarian,[55] meaning that Trumpists do not want presidential power to be limited by the Constitution or by the rule of law.[56] It has been referred to as an American political variant of the far right[57][58] and the national-populist and neo-nationalist sentiment seen in multiple nations worldwide from the late 2010s[59] to the early 2020s. Though not strictly limited to any one party, Trump supporters became the largest faction of the United States Republican Party, with the remainder often characterized as "the elite" or "the establishment" in contrast. In response to the rise of Trump, there has arisen a Never Trump movement.

Some commentators have rejected the populist designation for Trumpism and view it instead as part of a trend towards a new form of fascism or neo-fascism, with some referring to it as explicitly fascist and others as authoritarian and illiberal.[60][18][62][note 3] Others have more mildly identified it as a specific light version of fascism in the United States.[66][29] Some historians, including many of those using a new fascism classification,[note 4] write of the hazards of direct comparisons with European fascist regimes of the 1930s, stating that while there are parallels, there are also important dissimilarities.[68][69][note 5] Certain characteristics within public relations and Trump's political base have exhibited symptoms of a cult of personality.[71][72][73][74]

The label Trumpism has been applied to national-conservative and national-populist movements in other democracies. Many politicians outside of the United States have been labeled as staunch allies of Trump or Trumpism (or even as their countries' equivalent to Trump) by various news agencies; among them are Jair Bolsonaro of Brazil, Geert Wilders of the Netherlands, Tayyip Erdoğan of Turkey, Viktor Orbán of Hungary, Jacob Zuma of South Africa, Rodrigo Duterte and Bongbong Marcos of the Philippines, Shinzo Abe of Japan, Javier Milei of Argentina, Yoon Suk Yeol of South Korea, Prabowo Subianto of Indonesia, and Isabel Díaz Ayuso of Spain.[75][76]

  1. ^ Hovland 2020.
  2. ^ McCarthy, Ho & Greve 2021.
  3. ^ Andersen 2021.
  4. ^ Blake 2021.
  5. ^ Haberman 2021.
  6. ^ da Silva 2020.
  7. ^ LeVine, Marianne; Arnsdorf, Isaac (December 13, 2023). "Trump backers laugh off, cheer 'dictator' comments, as scholars voice alarm". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
  8. ^ Bender, Michael C.; Gold, Michael (November 20, 2023). "Trump's Dire Words Raise New Fears About His Authoritarian Bent". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
  9. ^ Baker, Peter (December 9, 2023). "Talk of a Trump Dictatorship Charges the American Political Debate". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
  10. ^ Arnsdorf, Isaac; Dawsey, Josh; Barrett, Devlin (November 5, 2023). "Trump and allies plot revenge, Justice Department control in a second term". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
  11. ^ Colvin, Jill; Barrow, Bill (December 8, 2023). "Trump's vow to only be a dictator on 'day one' follows growing worry over his authoritarian rhetoric". AP News. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
  12. ^ Stone, Peter (November 22, 2023). "'Openly authoritarian campaign': Trump's threats of revenge fuel alarm". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 27, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
  13. ^ a b Beinart, Peter (January 2019). "The New Authoritarians Are Waging War on Women". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
  14. ^ Breslin, Maureen (November 8, 2021). "Former aide: Trump would 'absolutely' impose some form of autocracy in second term". The Hill. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
  15. ^ Baker, Peter (June 10, 2022). "Trump Is Depicted as a Would-Be Autocrat Seeking to Hang Onto Power at All Costs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
  16. ^ Gessen, Masha (June 27, 2020). "Since day one, Donald Trump has been an autocrat in the making". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
  17. ^ a b Kaul 2021.
  18. ^ a b c Adler, Paul S.; Adly, Amr; Armanios, Daniel Erian; Battilana, Julie; Bodrožić, Zlatko; Clegg, Stewart; Davis, Gerald F.; Gartenberg, Claudine; Glynn, Mary Ann; Gümüsay, Ali Aslan; Haveman, Heather A.; Leonardi, Paul; Lounsbury, Michael; McGahan, Anita M.; Meyer, Renate; Phillips, Nelson; Sheppard-Jones, Kara (2022). "Authoritarianism, Populism, and the Global Retreat of Democracy: A Curated Discussion" (PDF). Journal of Management Inquiry. 32 (1): 3–20. doi:10.1177/10564926221119395. S2CID 251870215. The decoupling of the man from the movement suggests that authoritarianism can continue well beyond the authoritarian's rule. The most enduring vestige—apart from the democratic institutions attacked—is Trumpism. It has metastasized from Trump's delusional framing on his inauguration day in 2017—with the biggest crowds ever—to a widespread and ambient movement, amplified by disinformation and distortion, broadcast in social and right-wing media, aggressively militant, and framed with falsehoods.
  19. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Shapiro-2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Kellner 2018.
  21. ^ a b c Badiou 2019, p. 19.
  22. ^ a b c Giroux 2021.
  23. ^ a b c Ibish 2020.
  24. ^ a b c Cockburn 2020.
  25. ^ a b c West 2020.
  26. ^ a b Gorski 2019.
  27. ^ a b Benjamin 2020.
  28. ^ a b Morris 2019, p. 10.
  29. ^ a b c McGaughey 2018.
  30. ^ a b c d Tarizzo 2021, p. 163.
  31. ^ Hopkin & Blyth 2020.
  32. ^ Reicher & Haslam 2016.
  33. ^ Dean & Altemeyer 2020, p. 11.
  34. ^ "Trump's world: The new nationalism". The Economist. November 19, 2016.
  35. ^ "The growing peril of national conservatism". The Economist. February 15, 2024. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  36. ^ Rushkoff, Douglas (July 7, 2016). "The New Nationalism Of Brexit And Trump Is A Product Of The Digital Age". Fast Company.
  37. ^ Goldberg, Jonah (August 16, 2016). "'New nationalism' amounts to generic white identity politics". Newsday. To listen to both his defenders and critics, Donald Trump represents the U.S. version of a new nationalism popping up around the world.
  38. ^ Beauchamp, Zack (July 17, 2019). "Trump and the dead end of conservative nationalism". Vox. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  39. ^ a b Butler 2016.
  40. ^ a b Chomsky 2020.
  41. ^ a b Berkeley News 2020.
  42. ^ a b Drutman 2021.
  43. ^ Gabriel, Trip (October 6, 2023). "Trump Escalates Anti-Immigrant Rhetoric With 'Poisoning the Blood' Comment". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
  44. ^ Baker, Perry & Whitehead 2020.
  45. ^ a b Yang 2018.
  46. ^ Mason, Wronski & Kane 2021.
  47. ^ Ott 2017, p. 64.
  48. ^ Hamilton 2024.
  49. ^ Tollefson 2021.
  50. ^ Lange 2024.
  51. ^ Whitehead, Perry & Baker 2018.
  52. ^ Irwin, Douglas A. (April 17, 2017). "The False Promise of Protectionism". Foreign Affairs (May/June 2017). Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  53. ^ "Donald Trump's second term would be a protectionist nightmare". The Economist. October 31, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  54. ^ "America's far right is increasingly protesting against LGBT people". The Economist. January 13, 2023. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
  55. ^ Gordon 2018, p. 68.
  56. ^ Havercroft, Jonathan; Wiener, Antje; Kumm, Mattias; Dunoff, Jeffrey L (March 2018). "Editorial: Donald Trump as global constitutional breaching experiment". Global Constitutionalism. 7 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1017/S2045381718000035. ISSN 2045-3817.
  57. ^ Lowndes 2019.
  58. ^ Bennhold 2020.
  59. ^ Isaac 2017.
  60. ^ Foster 2017.
  61. ^ Traverso 2017, p. 30.
  62. ^ Attributed to multiple sources:[39][40][41][21][22][61][30][23][24][42][25]
  63. ^ Badiou 2019, p. 15.
  64. ^ Traverso 2017, p. 35.
  65. ^ Tarizzo 2021, p. 178.
  66. ^ Kagan 2016.
  67. ^ Giroux 2017.
  68. ^ Evans 2021.
  69. ^ Weber 2021.
  70. ^ Boggs 2018, pp. 195–205.
  71. ^ Sundahl 2022.
  72. ^ Haltiwanger, John (March 4, 2021). "Republicans have built a cult of personality around Trump that glosses over his disgraced presidency". Business Insider. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
  73. ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (August 21, 2022). "Analysis | Trump's personality cult and the erosion of U.S. democracy". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
  74. ^ Ben-Ghiat, Ruth (December 9, 2020). "Op-Ed: Trump's formula for building a lasting personality cult". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
  75. ^ "Isabel Díaz Ayuso, una 'estrella del pop' y la "alumna más aventajada del 'trumpismo' en España"". www.lasexta.com (in Spanish). February 25, 2022. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  76. ^ "Ayuso: qué hay detrás de la Trump española". elDiario.es (in Spanish). May 22, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2024.


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