Dysprosium

Dysprosium, 66Dy
Dysprosium
Pronunciation/dɪsˈprziəm/ (dis-PROH-zee-əm)
Appearancesilvery white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Dy)
Dysprosium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson


Dy

Cf
terbiumdysprosiumholmium
Atomic number (Z)66
Groupf-block groups (no number)
Periodperiod 6
Block  f-block
Electron configuration[Xe] 4f10 6s2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point1680 K ​(1407 °C, ​2565 °F)
Boiling point2840 K ​(2562 °C, ​4653 °F)
Density (near r.t.)8.540 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)8.37 g/cm3
Heat of fusion11.06 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization280 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity27.7 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1378 1523 (1704) (1954) (2304) (2831)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states0,[3] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.22
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 573.0 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1130 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2200 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 178 pm
Covalent radius192±7 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of dysprosium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structurehexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for dysprosium
Thermal expansionα, poly: 9.9 µm/(m⋅K) (r.t.)
Thermal conductivity10.7 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivityα, poly: 926 nΩ⋅m (r.t.)
Magnetic orderingparamagnetic at 300 K
Molar magnetic susceptibility+103500×10−6 cm3/mol (293.2 K)[4]
Young's modulusα form: 61.4 GPa
Shear modulusα form: 24.7 GPa
Bulk modulusα form: 40.5 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod2710 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratioα form: 0.247
Vickers hardness410–550 MPa
Brinell hardness500–1050 MPa
CAS Number7429-91-6
History
DiscoveryLecoq de Boisbaudran (1886)
First isolationGeorges Urbain (1905)
Isotopes of dysprosium
Main isotopes[5] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
154Dy synth 1.40×106 y[6] α 150Gd
156Dy 0.056% stable
158Dy 0.095% stable
160Dy 2.33% stable
161Dy 18.9% stable
162Dy 25.5% stable
163Dy 24.9% stable
164Dy 28.3% stable
165Dy synth 2.334 h β 165Ho
 Category: Dysprosium
| references

Dysprosium is a chemical element; it has symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare-earth element in the lanthanide series with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though, like other lanthanides, it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime. Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of seven isotopes, the most abundant of which is 164Dy.

Dysprosium was first identified in 1886 by Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, but it was not isolated in pure form until the development of ion-exchange techniques in the 1950s. Dysprosium has relatively few applications where it cannot be replaced by other chemical elements. It is used for its high thermal neutron absorption cross-section in making control rods in nuclear reactors, for its high magnetic susceptibility (χv5.44×10−3) in data-storage applications, and as a component of Terfenol-D (a magnetostrictive material). Soluble dysprosium salts are mildly toxic, while the insoluble salts are considered non-toxic.

  1. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Dysprosium". CIAAW. 2001.
  2. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  3. ^ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
  4. ^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  5. ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  6. ^ Chiera, Nadine Mariel; Dressler, Rugard; Sprung, Peter; Talip, Zeynep; Schumann, Dorothea (2022-05-28). "High precision half-life measurement of the extinct radio-lanthanide Dysprosium-154". Scientific Reports. 12 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-12684-6. ISSN 2045-2322.