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Islamophobia

This article is about fear, hatred of, or prejudice towards Muslims or Islam. For the historic persecution of Muslims, see Persecution of Muslims. For criticism directed at the Muslim faith, see Criticism of Islam. For prejudice against those from the Middle East, see Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment.

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Islamophobia is the irrational and unjustified fear of, hatred of, or prejudice against the religion of Islam or Muslims in general,[1][2][3][4][5] especially when seen as a geopolitical force or a source of terrorism.[6][7][8]

The scope and precise definition of the term Islamophobia is the subject of debate. Some scholars consider it to be a form of xenophobia or racism, some consider Islamophobia and racism to be closely related or partially overlapping phenomena, while others dispute any relationship, primarily on the grounds that religion is not a race. For some critics, Islamophobia is an expression that, by confusing hatred of Muslims with criticism of Islam, equates racism against Muslims with criticism of religious beliefs and practices, which is legitimate in a secular democracy.[9][10]

The causes of increase in Islamophobia across the world since the 1990s are many. These include the "War on terror" campaign launched by the United States after the September 11 attacks,[11][12][13] the subsequent rise of the militant group Islamic State in the aftermath of the Iraq war,[14] terror attacks launched by Islamist militants in Europe and the U.S., anti-Muslim rhetoric disseminated by white nationalist organizations through the internet,[15] rise of far-right groups which oppose the presence of Muslims in the United States and in the European Union,[16][17] etc.

A study conducted in 2013 revealed that Muslim women, especially those wearing headscarves or face veils, are more vulnerable to suffer from Islamophobic attacks than Muslim men.[18] On 15 March 2022, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution by consensus which was introduced by Pakistan on behalf of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation that proclaimed March 15 as 'International Day to Combat Islamophobia'.[19]

  1. ^ "The Devastating Mental Health Effects of Islamophobia". TIME. 16 November 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  2. ^ Segal, Jody. "LibGuides: Islam and Muslim Americans: Islamophobia". libguides.greenriver.edu. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  3. ^ "Islamophobia". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  4. ^ "islamophobia". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  5. ^ "Islamophobia". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  6. ^ Miles & Brown 2003, p. 166.
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference egorova was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Wike, Richard; Stokes, Bruce; Simmons, Katie (July 2016). Europeans Fear Wave of Refugees Will Mean More Terrorism, Fewer Jobs (PDF) (Report). Pew Research Center. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  9. ^ "Quatre questions sur l'emploi du terme "islamophobie", qui fait (une nouvelle fois) débat". FranceInfo (in French). 11 October 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  10. ^ Fourest, Caroline; Venner, Fiammetta (17 November 2003). "Ne pas confondre islamophobes et laïcs". Libération (in French).
  11. ^ Beydoun, Khaled A. (April 2020). "Exporting Islamophobia in the Global "War On Terror"" (PDF). New York University Law Review. 95: 81–100 – via www.nyulawreview.org.
  12. ^ Hilal, Maha (2021). Innocent Until Proven Muslim: Islamophobia, the War on Terror, and the Muslim Experience Since 9/11. Minneapolis, USA: Broadleaf Books. ISBN 978-1-5064-7046-7.
  13. ^ Kiara Alfonseca (11 September 2021). "20 years after 9/11, Islamophobia continues to haunt Muslims". ABC News.
  14. ^ Abbas, Tahir (2021). "Reflection: the "war on terror", Islamophobia and radicalisation twenty years on". Critical Studies on Terrorism. 14 (4). Routledge: 402–404. doi:10.1080/17539153.2021.1980182. hdl:1887/3618299 – via tandfonline.
  15. ^ Duncan Spence (2 November 2014). "Why online Islamophobia is difficult to stop". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
  16. ^ Idil Oztig, Lacin (2022). "Islamophobic Discourse of European Right-Wing Parties". Social Currents. 10 (3). Sage Publishing: 1–14. doi:10.1177/23294965221139852 – via Sage Journals.
  17. ^ Benkler, Faris, Roberts, Yochai, Robert, Hal (2018). "4: Immigration and Islamophobia: Breitbart and the Trump Party". Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, Ny 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 105–144. ISBN 9780190923624. LCCN 2018020121.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Siddique, Haroon (20 November 2013). "Muslim Women more likely to suffer Islamophobic attacks than men - study" – via www.theguardian.com.
  19. ^ "'Landmark resolution': UNGA declares March 15 as International Day to Combat Islamophobia". Dawn. 15 March 2022.