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Intermittent fasting

This article is about intentional fasting. For involuntary fasting, see Starvation. For fasting before a clinical or surgical intervention, see Preoperative fasting.

Intermittent fasting is any of various meal timing schedules that cycle between voluntary fasting (or reduced calorie intake) and non-fasting over a given period.[1][2] Methods of intermittent fasting include alternate-day fasting,[3] periodic fasting, such as the 5:2 diet, and daily time-restricted eating.[1][4]

Intermittent fasting has been studied to find whether it can reduce the risk of diet-related diseases, such as metabolic syndrome.[1][5][6][7] A 2019 review concluded that intermittent fasting may help with obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and inflammation.[1] There is preliminary evidence that intermittent fasting is generally safe.[8]

Adverse effects of intermittent fasting have not been comprehensively studied, leading some academics to point out its risk as a dietary fad.[9] The US National Institute on Aging states that there is insufficient evidence to recommend intermittent fasting, and encourages speaking to one's healthcare provider about the benefits and risks before making any significant changes to one's eating pattern.[10]

Fasting exists in various religious practices, including Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, and Judaism.[2][11][12]

  1. ^ a b c d de Cabo R, Mattson MP (December 2019). "Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Health, Aging, and Disease". The New England Journal of Medicine. 381 (26): 2541–2551. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1905136. PMID 31881139. S2CID 209498984.
  2. ^ a b Patterson RE, Laughlin GA, LaCroix AZ, Hartman SJ, Natarajan L, Senger CM, et al. (August 2015). "Intermittent Fasting and Human Metabolic Health". Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 115 (8): 1203–12. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.02.018. PMC 4516560. PMID 25857868.
  3. ^ Trepanowski JF, Kroeger CM, Barnosky A, Klempel MC, Bhutani S, Hoddy KK, et al. (July 2017). "Effect of Alternate-Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Cardioprotection Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA Internal Medicine. 177 (7): 930–938. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0936. PMC 5680777. PMID 28459931.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Tinsley2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cioffi I, Evangelista A, Ponzo V, Ciccone G, Soldati L, Santarpia L, et al. (December 2018). "Intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on weight loss and cardiometabolic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Journal of Translational Medicine (Systematic review). 16 (1): 371. doi:10.1186/s12967-018-1748-4. PMC 6304782. PMID 30583725.
  6. ^ Sainsbury A, Wood RE, Seimon RV, Hills AP, King NA, Gibson AA, et al. (December 2018). "Rationale for novel intermittent dieting strategies to attenuate adaptive responses to energy restriction". Obesity Reviews. 19 (Suppl 1): 47–60. doi:10.1111/obr.12787. PMID 30511512. S2CID 54552826.
  7. ^ Harris L, Hamilton S, Azevedo LB, Olajide J, De Brún C, Waller G, et al. (February 2018). "Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis" (PDF). JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports. 16 (2): 507–547. doi:10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003248. PMID 29419624. S2CID 46780578. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  8. ^ Varady KA, Cienfuegos S, Ezpeleta M, Gabel K (February 2022). "Clinical application of intermittent fasting for weight loss: progress and future directions". Nat Rev Endocrinol. 18 (5): 309–321. doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00638-x. PMID 35194176. S2CID 247014404.
  9. ^ Hart K (2018). "Chapter 4.6 Fad diets and fasting for weight loss in obesity.". In Hankey C (ed.). Advanced nutrition and dietetics in obesity. Wiley. pp. 177–182. ISBN 978-0-470-67076-7.
  10. ^ "Calorie restriction and fasting diets: What do we know?". National Institute on Aging, US National Institutes of Health. 14 August 2018. Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  11. ^ Persynaki A, Karras S, Pichard C (March 2017). "Unraveling the metabolic health benefits of fasting related to religious beliefs: A narrative review". Nutrition. 35: 14–20. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2016.10.005. PMID 28241983.
  12. ^ Kannan S, Mahadevan S, Seshadri K, Sadacharan D, Velayutham K (2016). "Fasting practices in Tamil Nadu and their importance for patients with diabetes". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 20 (6): 858–862. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.192921. PMC 5105573. PMID 27867892.