Hand fan

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A handheld fan, or simply hand fan, is a broad, flat surface that is waved back-and-forth to create an airflow. Generally, purpose-made handheld fans are folding fans, which are shaped like a sector of a circle and made of a thin material (such as paper or feathers) mounted on slats which revolve around a pivot so that it can be closed when not in use. Hand fans were used before mechanical fans were invented.

It works by understanding the concept of cool air. On human skin, the airflow from handfans increases evaporation of sweat, giving a cooling effect due to the latent heat of the evaporation of water. It also increases heat convection by displacing the warmer air produced by body heat that surrounds the skin, which has an additional cooling effect, provided that the ambient air temperature is lower than the skin temperature – which is typically about 33 °C (91 °F).

Next to the folding fan, the rigid hand screen fan was also a highly decorative and desired object among the higher social classes^{[citation needed]}. They serve a different purpose to the lighter, easier to carry handfans. Hand screen fans were mostly used to shield a lady's face against the glare of the sun or fire.