Embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) is an embolic stroke, a type of ischemic stroke, with an unknown origin,[1] defined as a non-lacunar brain infarct without proximal arterial stenosis or cardioembolic sources.[2] As such, it forms a subset of cryptogenic stroke, which is part of the TOAST-classification.[3] The following diagnostic criteria define an ESUS:[2]
- Stroke detected by CT or MRI that is not lacunar
- No major-risk cardioembolic source of embolism
- Absence of extracranial or intracranial atherosclerosis causing 50% luminal stenosis in arteries supplying the area of ischaemia
- No other specific cause of stroke identified (e.g., arteritis, dissection, migraine/vasospasm, drug misuse)
- ^ Hart RG, Catanese L, Perera KS, Ntaios G, Connolly SJ (April 2017). "Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source: A Systematic Review and Clinical Update". Stroke. 48 (4): 867–872. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.016414. PMID 28265016. S2CID 3679562.
- ^ a b Hart RG, Diener HC, Coutts SB, Easton JD, Granger CB, O'Donnell MJ, Sacco RL, Connolly SJ (April 2014). "Embolic strokes of undetermined source: the case for a new clinical construct". The Lancet. Neurology. 13 (4): 429–38. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70310-7. PMID 24646875. S2CID 36116833.
- ^ Adams HP, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, Biller J, Love BB, Gordon DL, Marsh EE (January 1993). "Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment". Stroke. 24 (1): 35–41. doi:10.1161/01.STR.24.1.35. PMID 7678184.